Kau Terhebat-Nur One

Candidiasis

Candidiansis attack the oral path

Candidiasis is caused by infection with species of the genus Candida, predominantly with Candida albicans.Candida species are ubiquitous fungi that represent the most common fungal pathogens that affect humans. The growing problem of mucosal and systemic candidiasis reflects the enormous increase in the number of patients at risk and the increased opportunity that exists forCandida species to invade tissues normally resistant to invasion. Candida species are true opportunistic pathogens that exploit recent technological advances to gain access to the circulation and deep tissues.

The increased prevalence of local and systemic disease caused by Candidaspecies has resulted in numerous new clinical syndromes, the expression of which depends primarily on the immune status of the host. Candida species produce a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from superficial mucocutaneous disease to invasive illnesses, such as hepatosplenic candidiasis, Candidaperitonitis, and systemic candidiasis. The management of serious and life-threatening invasive candidiasis remains severely hampered by delays in diagnosis and the lack of reliable diagnostic methods that allow detection of both fungemia and tissue invasion by Candida species.

Advances in medical technology, chemotherapeutics, cancer therapy, and organ transplantation have greatly reduced the morbidity and mortality of life-threatening disease. Patients who are critically ill and in medical and surgical ICUs have been the prime targets for opportunistic nosocomial fungal infections, primarily due toCandida species. Studies suggest that the problem is not under control and, in fact, show it is worsening. On a daily basis, virtually all physicians are confronted with a positive Candida isolate obtained from one or more various anatomical sites. High-risk areas for Candida infection include neonatal, pediatric, and adult ICUs, both medical and surgical.^[1] Candida infections can involve any anatomical structure

Causes and Risk Factors of Candida Albicans

oral infection

Most of the time, candida infections of the mouth, skin, or vagina occur for no apparent reason. A common cause of infection may be the use of antibiotics that destroy beneficial, as well as harmful, microorganisms in the body, permitting candida to multiply in their place. The resulting condition is known as candidiasis moniliasis, or a "yeast" infection.

Candidiasis moniliasis:

• is called thrush when it grows in the mouth, especially in infants
• shows up on skin as a red, inflamed, and sometimes scaly rash, such as diaper rash
• causes vaginalitis moniliasis, commonly known as a yeast infection, in the vagina
• causes candidal onchomycosis in the nails or paronychia next to the nails
• can also affect the esophagus and the digestive tract

Candidal infection of the penis is more common among uncircumcised than circumcised men and may result from sexual intercourse with an infected partner.

On Penis part

In rare instances, when body resistance is low as in leukemia orAIDS, candida albicans can enter the bloodstream and causes serious infection of vital organs.

Symptoms of Candida Albicans

Thrush appears as creamy-white or bluish-white patches on the tongue - which is inflamed and sometimes beefy red - and on the lining of the mouth, or in the throat.

Diaper rash caused by candida is an inflammation of the skin, usually red and sometimes scaly.

skin rush

Vaginitis is characterized by a white or yellow discharge. Inflammation of the walls of the vagina and of the vulva (external genital area) causes burning and itching.

Infections of the fingernails and toenails appear as red, painful swelling around the nail. Later, pus may develop.

Vaginitis

Infection of the penis often results in balanitis (inflammation of the head of the penis).

An infection in the bloodstream can affect the kidneys, heart, lungs, eyes, or other organs causing high fever, chills, anemia, and sometimes a rash or shock. Candida can cause the following problems depending upon the organ infected:

• in the kidneys can cause blood in the urine
• in the heart can cause murmurs and valve damage
• in the lungs can cause bloody sputum (mucus discharge)
• in the eyes can cause pain and blurred vision
• in the brain can cause seizures and acute changes in mental function or behavior
  
  

Diagnosis of Candida Albicans

A medical history, physical exam, and laboratory tests, including blood tests, blood cultures, and wound cultures may be done. Tissue biopsy may be necessary to diagnose invasive systemicdisease.

Treatment of Candida Albicans

Most candida infections can be treated at home with OTC or prescription medication. These include topical administration of antifungal drugs such as clotrimazole (Femizole-7, Gyne-Lotrimin), miconazole (Monistat-Derm, Monistat Vaginal), nystatin, tioconazole (Vagistat Vaginal), or oral administration of drugs such as fluconazole (Diflucan) and amphotericin B. Many women prefer a single, oral dose of fluconazole for vaginal candidiasis, rather than topical creams. More serious infections may need IV medications given at the hospital.

Although antifungal drugs usually clear up the trouble, the infection can recur, sometimes as a result of reinfection by a sexual partner. Hence, treatment of both partners is sometimes necessary.If possible, use of antibiotics should be discontinued during a candida infection. For diaper rashes, use barrier creams and change the diapers frequently. People with a tendency to skin candidiasis should keep their skin dry.

What Questions To Ask Your Doctor About Candida Albicans

What is the underlying condition that has caused candidiasis?

What kind of treatment will you be recommending?

What if the antibiotic cannot be discontinued? Will the candidiasis continue to get worse?

Could this lead to a systemic infection? What is the treatment for a systemic infection?

How long does it take for relief of symptoms?

Can measures be taken at home to help relieve symptoms?

Prevention of Candida Albicans

Keeping skin clean, dry, and free from abrasions or cuts can help prevent skin candida infections.

Beware ya my fren.. hehehe.. think before we do something. every thing that we do will have result guys.. :-)

Candida albicans

Just sharing the information that I have taken from the Weikipedia and other resource… hope it will be useful for all of us.. Never take everything slightly.

Candida albicans is a diploid fungus that grows both as yeast and filamentous cells and a causal agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. Systemic fungal infections (fungemias) including those by C. albicans have emerged as important causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients (e.g., AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, organ or bone marrow transplantation). C. albicans biofilms may form on the surface of implantable medical devices. In addition, hospital-acquired infections by C. albicans have become a cause of major health concerns.

C. albicans is commensal and a constituent of the normal gut flora comprising microorganisms that live in the human mouth and gastrointestinal tract. C. albicans lives in 80% of the human population without causing harmful effects, although overgrowth of the fungus results in candidiasis (candidosis). Candidiasis is often observed in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV-infected patients. A common form of candidiasis restricted to the mucosal membranes in mouth or vagina is thrush, which is usually easily cured in people who are not immunocompromised. For example, higher prevalence of colonization of C. albicans was reported in young individuals with tongue piercing, in comparison to non-tongue-pierced matched individuals.  To infect host tissue, the usual unicellular yeast-like form of C. albicans reacts to environmental cues and switches into an invasive, multicellular filamentous form, a phenomenon called dimorphism.

Genome

One of the most important features of the C. albicans genome is the occurrence of numeric and structural chromosomal rearrangements as means of generating genetic diversity, named chromosome length polymorphisms (contraction/expansion of repeats), reciprocal translocations, chromosomedeletions and trisomy of individual chromosomes. These karyotypic alterations lead to changes in the phenotype, which is an adaptation strategy of this fungus. These mechanisms will be better understood with the complete analysis of the C. albicans genome.

The C. albicans genome for strain SC5314 was sequenced at the Stanford DNA Sequencing and Technology Center. The genome of the WO1 strain was sequenced by the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard.

The sequencing of the C. albicans genome and subsequently of the genomes of several other medically relevant Candida species has profoundly and irreversibly changed the way Candida species are now investigated and understood. The C. albicans genome sequencing effort was launched in October 1996. Successive releases of the sequencing data and genome assemblies have occurred in the last 10 years, culminating in the release of the diploid assembly 19, which provided a haploid version of the genome along with data on allelic regions in the genome. A refined assembly 20 with the eight assembled C. albicans chromosomes was released in the summer of 2006. Importantly, the availability of sequencing data prior to the completion of the genome sequence has made it possible to start C. albicans post-genomics early on. In this regard, genome databases have been made available to the research community providing different forms of genome annotation. These have been merged in a community-based annotation hosted by the CandidaGenome Database. The availability of the genome sequence has paved the way for the implementation of post-genomic approaches to the study of C. albicans: macroarrays and then microarrays have been developed and used to study the C. albicans transcriptome; proteomics has also been developed and complements transcriptional analyses; furthermore, systematic approaches are becoming available to study the contribution of each C. albicans gene in different contexts. Other Candida genome sequences have been, or are being, determined: C. glabrata, C. dubliniensis, C. parapsilosis, C. guilliermondii, C. lusitaniae, and C. tropicalis. These species will soon enter the post-genomic era as well and provide interesting comparative data. The genome sequences obtained for the different Candida species along with those of non-pathogenic hemiascomycetes provide a wealth of knowledge on the evolutionary processes that shaped the hemiascomycete group, as well as those that may have contributed to the success of different Candida species as pathogens. An unusual feature of the Candida genus is that in many of its species (including C. albicans and C. tropicalis but not, for instance, C. glabrata) the CUG codon, which normally specifies leucine, specifies serine in these species; this is an unusual example of a departure from the universal genetic code (most such departures are in start codons or, for eukaryotes, mitochondrial genetic codes). This alteration may help these Candida species (in some environments) by inducing a permanent stress response - a more generalized form of the heat shock response.

The genome of C. albicans is highly dynamic, and this variability has been used advantageously for molecular epidemiological studies of C. albicans and population studies in this species. The genome sequence has allowed for identifying the presence of a parasexual cycle (no meiotic division) in C. albicans. This parasexual cycle is under the control of mating-type loci and switching between white and opaque phenotypes. Investigating the role the mating process plays in the dynamics of the C. albicans population or in other aspects of C. albicans biology and pathogenicity will undoubtedly represent an important focus for future research. A similar lack of meiosis was found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae altered to use the same genetic code as C. albicans.

Although often referred to as “dimorphic”, C. albicans is in fact polyphenic. When cultured in standard yeast laboratory medium C. albicans grows as ovoid “yeast” cells. However, mild environmental changes in temperature and pH can result in a morphological shift to pseudohyphal growth. Pseudohyphae share many similarities with yeast cells  but their role during candidiasis remains unknown. When C. albicans cells are grown in a medium that mimics the physiological environment of a human host, they grow as “true” hyphae. The ability of C. albicans to form hyphae has been proposed as a virulence factor, as these structures are often observed invading tissue, and C. albicans strains that are unable to form hyphae are defective in causing infection.

Round white-phase and elongated opaque-phase Candida albicans cells. Scale bar is 5 µm.

Model of the genetic network regulating the white-opaque switch. White and gold boxes represent genes enriched in the white and opaque states, respectively. The Blue lines represent relationships based on genetic epistasis. Red lines represent Wor1 control of each gene, based on Wor1 enrichment in chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments. Activation (arrowhead) and repression (bar) are inferred based on white- and opaque-state expression of each gene.

In a process that superficially resembles dimorphism, C. albicans undergoes a process called phenotypic switching, in which different cellular morphologies are generated spontaneously. Of the classically studied strains, one that undergoes phenotypic switching is WO-1, which consists of two phases: one that grows as round cells in smooth white colonies and one that is rod-like and grows as flat gray colonies. The other strain known to undergo switching is 3153A; this strain produces at least seven different colony morphologies. In both the WO-1 and 3153A strains, the different phases convert spontaneously to the other(s) at a low frequency. The switching is reversible, and colony type can be inherited from one generation to another. While several genes that areexpressed differently in different colony morphologies have been identified, some recent efforts focus on what might control these changes. Further, whether there is a potential molecular link between dimorphism and phenotypic switching is a tantalizing question.

In the 3153A strain, a gene called SIR2 (for silent information regulator), which seems to be important for phenotypic switching, has been found. SIR2 was originally found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast), where it is involved in chromosomal silencing—a form of transcriptional regulation, in which regions of the genome are reversibly inactivated by changes in chromatin structure (chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins that make chromosomes). In yeast, genes involved in the control of mating type are found in these silent regions, and SIR2 represses their expression by maintaining a silent-competent chromatin structure in this region. The discovery of a C. albicans SIR2 implicated in phenotypic switching suggests that it too has silent regions controlled by SIR2, in which the phenotype-specific genes may reside.

Another potential regulatory molecule is Efg1p, a transcription factor found in the WO-1 strain that regulates dimorphism, and more recently has been suggested to help regulate phenotypic switching. Efg1p is expressed only in the white and not in the gray cell-type, and overexpression of Efg1p in the gray form causes a rapid conversion to the white form.

So far, very few data say that dimorphism and phenotypic switching use common molecular components. However, it is not inconceivable that phenotypic switching may occur in response to some change in the environment as well as being a spontaneous event. How SIR2 itself is regulated in S. cerevisiae may yet provide clues as to the switching mechanisms of C. albicans.

Heterozygosity

The heterozygosity of the Candida genome exceeds that found in other genomes and is widespread among clinical isolates. Non-synonymous single-base polymorphisms result in two proteins that differ in one or several amino acids that may confer functional differences for each protein. This situation considerably increases the number of different proteins encoded by the genome.

Treatment

• amphotericin B, caspofungin, or fluconazole for systemic infections
• fluconazole or caspofungin for oral or esophageal infections
• topical azole for vaginal infections

So.. guys beware of it yea… healthy lifestyle lead to healthy and happy life.. J

LIFE Is NEVER BE EASY

"Seseorang yang berperibadi kuat umpama besi waja semakin dibakar oleh keadaan semakin dititik olrh cabaran hidup semakin teguh dan waja untuk menhadapi hidup. Seseorang yang berperibadi lemah laksana tanah apabila diketuk oleh cabaran hidup ia akan berkecai "

Nampak x word kat atas.. hahaha. sori sapernyer word nak pinjam kejap ea. hahaha.. Never ever giveup ea n jangan terlalu manja diri. bukan senang tok berjaya n bukan susah tok susah.. hahaha.. Em.. Actually nak cerita cikit ni... hehehe..Tadi time aku makan nasi ayam kat SS(short form for SERI SERDANG).. aku ada terbelek la satu news ni.. kat fontpage tu die tulis Pemandu teksi didenda RM1000.00 sebab caj harga melampau kepada pelancong sejauh 3 km. Just imaginekan RM460++ tok jalan sejauh 3 km jer dari Jalan imbi ke KLCC jer kot.. hahaha.. Terkejut gak la... Tula cakap gara2 RM 460 dah kne denda RM1000.00 lak.. klo wat btl2 kan xder jadi masalahkan. hehe. manusia oh manusia aper nak jadi.. bak kte pepatah SIKIT-SIKIT LAMA-LAMA JADI BUKIT.. tapi sekarang masih applicable ker benda tu act. think and ask ur self hehehe..:-)

Life That I Will Never Ever Forget

INTERNSHIP REPORT

(PRT 2006)

AGRICULTURE REASEARCH CENTER,

SEMENGGOK SARAWAK

MAIN PROJECT

SHIFT LIFE MIDING STUDY

NAME

SUHAILI BIN MUSTAFA

MATRIC NUMBER:

S11078

INTERNSHIP DURATION

28 DEC 2009- 04 APRIL 2010

COLLEGE

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA KAMPUS BINTULU

SUPERVISOR

SRO LAU CHENG YOUN

Guys still remember that day hahaha.. ya itulah time last semester aku kat UPMKB bergelar diploma student.. Now dah 2 years dah im takin' my bachelor degree at different field of study. But honestly sometime i miss my Diploma study. Don't know why.... Maybe because there a treasure inside it. Honestly aku mmg x suke dengan benda yang aku ambik dulu. I just made it as BATU LONCATAN tok aku futher to degree. Then to the other level actually.. but betul la orang cakap everything yang datang dalam hidup kita ada kebaikan n ada hikmah yang tersembunyi.. So Ya betul maybe.. Because if i din't takin' that course maybe aku x knl n dunia luar n kenal with my fren skarang kot.. hehehe.. Tapi aku sentiasa tanam dalam diri aku sebenarnya 2 kata yang aku pegang selama ni. Never Regret The Pass and Nothing Is Imposible.. hehe. Koz of this word i will never give.. rise and rise and rising up to become stronger and successful in my life. So be what u wanna be..

Water And A Flame

Seven days has gone so fast,

I really thought the pain would pass.

It's been nearly an hour,

since I thought of you.

But your not answering the phone,

I'd settle for a busy tone,

At least that by that I'd know that you're okay.

A girl like you ain't meant to go away.

Oh...

Now you're gone,

Theres nothing else I want.

Now that it's over,

There's nothing else I want.

What have I done,

looks like I was wrong.

Is everything really meant to change,

I guess we're like water and a flame.

water and a flame..

I'm tired of this empty house,

I need a drink to get me out.

A couple more til I forget your name.

I saw a boy that looked like you,

I didn't know quite what to do,

It took a power of will to break my stare.

I realized what I wanted wasn't there.

Now you're gone,

Theres nothing else I want.

Now that it's over,

There's nothing else I want.

What have I done?

Looks like I was wrong.

Is everything really meant to change,

I guess we're like water and a flame.

Water and a flame...

If you see me coming...

Adele:

I look away, I look away...

Daniel:

And if your mind is made up...

I look away, I will look away...

If your worry bound

I'm okay, I'm okay, yes I am

All this sorrow and this pain,

is going to go away

Now you're gone,

There's nothing else I want.

Now that it's over,

There's nothing else I want.

What have I done,

looks like I was wrong.

Is everything really meant to change,

I guess we're like water and a flame.

Water and a flame...

I miss U so Much!!

Hi... I MISS U SO MUCH!!! hahaha.. tu la perkara yang 1st time aku baca time aku bangun tito pagi tadi... Pelik tersangant pelik tetapi benar.. 


Haha... Pagi tadi aku dapat mesej dari insan yang dah bertahun aku lost contact, insan yang dah bertahun aku hilang di waktu ketika dahulu. Tapi Alhamdullilah kini kembali. 


kembali menyegarkan sedikit kepanasan badan di pagi hari. kehausan tekak dinihari.. 


hehehe.. Aku tersenyum sendirian.. aku berjalan kehadapan tetapi memori ku ke belakang. mengibau kenangan 10 tahun lepas semasa hari pertama berdafta di tingkatan satu. Di saat dan waktu aku bertemu dengan insan yang sungguh istemewa dari segala. 


Sungguh berharga kengan itu biarpun hanya sedetik cuma.. Aku simpan kenangan tersebut hingga ke hari ni. Than x disangka-sangka perkara yang aku ridui kini berjumpa kembali biarpun di lain waktu tempat dan usia. tapi kehangatan kemesraan masih terjalin bersama. 




Terima Kasih YA Allah kerana pertemukan kami kembali.. :-) moga hari mendatang penuh ceria berwarna...

Hope that the Wonderfull life will be MINE... :-)

We Are Young ft. Janelle Monáe

Ya Allah...

Sampai bila aku dapat bersabar Ya Allah...

Aku x taw dah nak luah kat siapa...

Minggu ni banyak sangat cabaran..

Yang aku perlu tempuhi..

Kadang-kadang samapi aku pun x tahu bila sumenya akan berakhir...

Pada hari rabu yang lepas aku dapat call daripada Pak Cik aku...

Insan tempat aku bergantung selama ini telah Kembali menemuiNya..

Pak Long Aku mintak maaf kalau pernah buat silap n Pak Long.

Halalkan makan minum k..

Mungkin itu sume dugaan yang perlu aku tempuhi...

Dugaan Hidup

Salam.. Jangan percaya kepada kawan seratus peratus. kerana suatu hari nanti bila anda bertelingkah ada yang diungkit. hari ini kawan yang aku percaya n kenal dah bertahun hanus. x pasal2 aku kne tikam belakang hidup. so dont ever trust your freind full with ur heart k. sbb mmg akan berlaku nanti. kawan jnis ni hanya ada time senang jer. bila kita ssh die hilang entah p mana. bila kita try cari die kata kita kacau. Aku busy la time ni. padahal soundtrack kat hp tengah karok.. huhu. kawan jenis apa macam ni. kawan mata duitan kot. dalam kepala otak die hanya $ jer. ko ingat duit tu ko bawak mati ker r. sedarlah wei. ko x bawak pun benda tu t. orang yang tinggal yang akan guna ti. jangan giler duit sangat la wep. sedar2 la.kembali sementara masih ada. jangan bila dah hujung nyawa ti baru nak sedar time tu dah terlambat dah wep. try la hargai org yang ada disekeliling ko t klo dah xder baru ko merasa bai. ingat tu... huhu... do not be hypocrite la wep jadi la kita yang sbnar kawan.... 

Disini Kasihku Abadi (Rahmat)

Rihanna - Good girl gone bad. Lyrics

Gelora Hati

hi... em.. asal mlm ni aku rasa mcm sdh sangat ea... huhu... even aku khamis t dah nak blk... but then budak final year dah nak practical dah.. hehehe.. sunyi la floor aku pasni macam xder org lak pasni... em.. bkn sebab tu kot.. act td aku terbaca post kawan aku time sekolah lu time kat SMKA lu masa tu form 5.. than bial aku open n tgk blk gamba2 time tu wa.. bestnyer... aku n my best fren aku time tu org kata mcm belangkas. mne2 berdua.. tp actually mmg best la time tu.. xder bnyak masalah yang timbul dalam hidup aku... tiap hari ape yang aku tau bangun subuh then p sarapan than perhimpunan pergi kls tgh hari makan pastu solat zohor blk ke asrama.. pastu rht sampai ptg.. mlm pergi maghrib sampai isyak pastu sambung study.. wa.. so simple.. klo nak compare n life aku sekarang jauh bezanya.. aku rasa time tu aku rasa bertuah dapat seorang sahabat yang sangat memahami... tapi sekarng ni aku makin lemah.. banyak dugaan dalam hidup aku. aku tak terfikir akan jadi sampai macam ni sekali.. aku hidup penuh dengan pembohongan... semua yang ada adalah palsu. tapi sahabat aku masi perlukan kau untuk backup aku dari blkg.. macam2 masalah sekarang n aku takut aku hilang arah tempat tujuan... Kenagan tinggal kenangan... tapi kita harus kedepan. ya memang tapi ada kalanya terlalu berat kaki menghayun langkah... YA Allah ku mohon kuatkan hati hambamu ini YA RABBI.... hanya engkau tempatku bermohon.... titisan air mataku untuk mu di pagi hari hanya untuk secebis ketenangan yang diharapkan oleh semua hambanya.. aku hidup dalm gelombang dosa. Ampunkan aku YA RABBI... dosa2 kerna berdusta, menyembunyikan kecelaruan hidup dan mengukirkan senyuman di mata semua.. tapi hati menangis tanpa berairmata  berduka tanpa suara.. Aku jadi hipokrit semata-mata menyembunyikan segal duka dan lara... YA ALLAH aku mohon kepadamu. berilah ketengan dijiwaku ini...aku harap aku masih cukup kuat untuk mengharungi cubaan yang akan datang nanti... :-(...

Nuan Enda Netap Ke Janji - Swaylin

Baya Pantai Melissa Francis YouTube

Betty - Joget Ngindik Mulung

Cubaan

Hi.. tentionyer hari ni.... Ya Allah dalm 3 hari g aku nak balik p sarawak. sllnya org akan happy klo blk umah. tapi aku ni plk ckit. masa nak blk macam2 jer msalah yang datang. klo bkn kerna bukan urusan yang pnting sangat2 aku x blk g bagus. bagus aku bayar duit 4 ringgit satu hari n dok kat kolej 9 hari tok ct midsem ni... tapi apa aku blh buat aku kne balik juga mggu ni.. klo x segalanya akan jadi makin rumit.. even tiket mahal tapi aku usahakan juga untuk beli n balik ke Sarawak. tapi mcm2 prob yang timbul x abis satu satu yang datang.. huhu. sedih gak kdamg2.. tapi kne kuat. huhu.. mdahan aku berjaya sampai n slmat kat sarawak t n blk n semalat gak ea.. hehehe.. chiok2 seorang lelaki kne kuat n tabah.. hehehe